Quinine Sulphate

Quinine Sulphate Powder

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General Information:

Quinine Sulphate is a natural alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree. It is primarily used as an antimalarial agent and also has applications in treating nocturnal leg cramps and other muscle-related conditions. It works by interfering with the growth and reproduction of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) in red blood cells.

Chemical Properties:

Chemical Name: Quinine Sulphate

Molecular Formula: (CHNO)HSO2HO

Molecular Weight: 782.95 g/mol

CAS Number: 804-63-7

Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform

Melting Point: ~250C (decomposes)

Mechanism of Action:

Quinine inhibits heme polymerization in malaria parasites, leading to the accumulation of toxic free heme, which kills the parasite.

It also acts as a muscle relaxant, which is why it is used for treating muscle cramps.

Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption: Rapidly absorbed after oral administration.

Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver (CYP3A4 enzyme).

Half-life: 814 hours.

Excretion: Mostly via the urine, with some excretion in feces.

Therapeutic Uses & Indications:

Malaria Treatment (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections)

Nocturnal Leg Cramps (off-label use in some countries)

Babesiosis (a tick-borne parasitic infection)

Lupus & Arthritis (as an alternative treatment in some cases)

Dosage & Administration:

For Malaria:

Adults: 600 mg every 8 hours for 7 days (combined with other antimalarials).

For Leg Cramps:

200300 mg at bedtime (use is restricted due to safety concerns).

Administration: Taken with food to reduce stomach irritation.

Side Effects:

Common: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, blurred vision.

Serious:

Cinchonism (Quinine toxicity) tinnitus (ringing in ears), hearing loss, vision disturbances, confusion.

Cardiac issues QT prolongation, arrhythmias.

Hypoglycemia Can cause low blood sugar, especially in malaria patients.

Allergic reactions Rash, swelling, breathing difficulties.

Precautions & Contraindications:

Contraindicated in:

Patients with QT prolongation or cardiac arrhythmias.

Pregnant women (except in severe malaria cases).

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency (risk of hemolysis).

Myasthenia Gravis (may worsen muscle weakness).

Caution in:

Patients with kidney or liver impairment.

Those taking other medications that affect heart rhythm.

Drug Interactions:

Increases risk of QT prolongation when used with:

Antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone)

Antidepressants (SSRIs, tricyclics)

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Warfarin: Enhances anticoagulant effects.

Rifampin: Reduces quinine levels and effectiveness.

Storage & Stability:

Store at room temperature (1530C)

Protect from moisture and light

Keep in tightly closed containers